The … Habemus Papam! The precise dates of the beginning, culmination, and end of the Middle Ages are more or less arbitrarily assumed according to the point of view adopted. Eastern Orthodox Church The patriarch of Alexandria. enabled the rider to stand and fight while riding. [8] It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity by international law headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between Italy and the Holy See to ensure its temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. [144] Other documents he signs in accordance with the tradition of using Latin only and including, in the abbreviated form "PP. In the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for Catholicism, essentially the Churches of Africa and Asia,[186] but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where Protestants or Eastern Christianity was dominant. Thus Paul VI signed as "Paulus PP. [21] In the East, it was used only for the bishop of Alexandria. [33] Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peter's presence in the early Roman Church. Other traditional Christian churches (Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Old Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Independent Catholic churches, etc.) [43], It seems that at first the terms "episcopos" and "presbyter" were used interchangeably. Any decision that requires the assent of the pope has to wait until the new pope has been elected and accepts office. "(Lumen Gentium, Pope Paul VI 1964, Chapter 3), "From an historical perspective, there is no conclusive documentary evidence from the 1st century or the early decades of the second of the exercise of, or even the claim to, a primacy of the Roman bishop or to a connection with Peter, although documents from this period accord the church at Rome some kind of pre‑eminence" (, See Irenaeus' Against Heresies (Book III, Chapter 3), "Let the ancient customs in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis prevail, that the Bishop of Alexandria has jurisdiction over them all, since a similar arrangement is the custom for the Bishop of Rome. [citation needed], In recent centuries, when a pope was judged to have died, it was reportedly traditional for the cardinal camerlengo to confirm the death ceremonially by gently tapping the pope's head thrice with a silver hammer, calling his birth name each time. The pope (Latin: papa, from Greek: πάππας, romanized: pappas,[2] "father"),[3] also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex maximus) or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church,[4] and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. [173], Protestant denominations of Christianity reject the claims of Petrine primacy of honor, Petrine primacy of jurisdiction, and papal infallibility. The difference is that the other bishops are vicars of Christ for their own local churches, the pope is vicar of Christ for the whole Church. This title was first used by Pope Theodore I in 642, and was only used occasionally. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote. [103] The 1983 Code of Canon Law[104] states, "If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone." In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs and the USA National Committee of the Lutheran World Federation in the official Catholic–Lutheran dialogue included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy: In calling the pope the "Antichrist", the early Lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century. The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope. [66] Urban, at the council of Clermont, called the First Crusade to assist the Byzantine Empire to regain the old Christian territories, especially Jerusalem. [11], From 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in Rome but in Avignon. This was the period of the crusades where thousands of Medieval people from all walks of life travelled nearly three thousand miles to the Holy Land. In 189, assertion of the primacy of the Church of Rome may be indicated in Irenaeus's Against Heresies (3:3:2): "With [the Church of Rome], because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree ... and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition." The names "Holy See" and "Apostolic See" are ecclesiastical terminology for the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the pope's various honors, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles (see Apostolic succession). [11] By contrast, papal claims of spiritual authority have been increasingly firmly expressed over time, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ex cathedra—literally "from the chair (of Saint Peter)"—to issue a formal definition of faith or morals. Though the pope is the diocesan bishop of Rome, he delegates most of the day-to-day work of leading the diocese to the cardinal vicar, who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese's pastoral needs, not in his own name but in that of the pope. One of the Popes was a 100% accident. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the Exarchate of Ravenna, and driving into Greek Italy. Others went to shrines hoping to be cured from an illness they were suffering from. Scriptural texts proposed in support of Peter's special position in relation to the church include: I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. Other tribes, such as the Visigoths, later abandoned Arianism in favour of Catholicism. The silver key symbolizes the power to bind and loose on, House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul. The official's great-grandson, Pope John XII, held orgies of debauchery in the Lateran Palace. For then the Roman Pontiff is not pronouncing judgment as a private person, but as the supreme teacher of the universal Church, in whom the charism of infallibility of the Church itself is individually present, he is expounding or defending a doctrine of Catholic faith. Contrairement à léglise catholique de rite latin2, léglise orthodoxe (ainsi que les églises catholiques de rite grec) peuvent ordonner prêtres des hommes mariés. [76], Gradually forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues. The word pope derives from Greek πάππας (páppas), meaning 'father'. ",[145] for the Latin Papa Pontifex ("Pope and Pontiff"). [140], From 1863 until 2005, the Annuario Pontificio also included the title "patriarch of the West". Instrumental music This first video will be dedicated to sacred (religious) vocal music. Prior to the election of the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was Pope Adrian VI of the Netherlands, elected in 1522. The primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, giving him the Keys of Heaven For bishops are preachers of the faith, who lead new disciples to Christ, and they are authentic teachers, that is, teachers endowed with the authority of Christ, who preach to the people committed to them the faith they must believe and put into practice, and by the light of the Holy Spirit illustrate that faith. Spenser, therefore, did not find favour with them. [160], On 11 October 2012, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council 60 prominent theologians, (including Hans Küng), put out a Declaration, stating that the intention of Vatican II to balance authority in the Church has not been realised. These sons of the Middle Ages nobles were … "[161], The pope's official seat is in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, considered the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, and his official residence is the Apostolic Palace. leather … They had no attachment for the Middle Ages and their tales of chivalry, adventure and visionary idealism. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organization and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states. The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, the office of shepherding the Church, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with Saint Peter as their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as their head. [29] Thus, is derived another title by which the pope is known, that of "supreme pontiff". [185] In Western Christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the Protestant Reformation. [101] The cardinal camerlengo retrieves the Ring of the Fisherman and cuts it in two in the presence of the cardinals. [27] The earliest recorded use of the title "pope" in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to the 7th century Roman Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.[28]. [112], The title "vicar of Peter" (vicarius Petri) is used only of the pope, not of other bishops. Papal claims of superiority were a sticking point in reunification, which failed in any event. XVI" (Pope Benedict XVI), except in bulls of canonization and decrees of ecumenical councils, which a pope signs with the formula, "Ego N. Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae", without the numeral, as in "Ego Benedictus Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae" (I, Benedict, Bishop of the Catholic Church). 1. [60], The low point of the papacy was 867–1049. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election as supreme pontiff?" In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, but not necessarily monarchical bishops. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound to create black smoke, or fumata nera. [135] He is also commonly called the Supreme Pontiff or the Sovereign Pontiff (Latin: Summus Pontifex). [80][81][82][83][84][85] This idea is undermined by the Biblical usage of "Cephas," which is the masculine form of "rock" in Aramaic, to describe Peter. [124], The term "pontiff" is derived from the Latin: pontifex, which literally means "bridge builder" (pons + facere) and which designated a member of the principal college of priests in ancient Rome. Donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "Fisherman's Ring" by the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, whom he first either reconfirms or reappoints. It is the Holy See that conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the papal court (the Roman Curia) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church. [10] In ancient times the popes helped spread Christianity, and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes. During the "sede vacante" period, the College of Cardinals is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church; however, canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. The pope rules the church much as a king rules a country. 5. [71], Protestant Reformers criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the antichrist. They looked to the pope for guidance on how to live and pray. "[46] Other scholars and historians disagree, citing the historical records of St. Ignatius of Antioch (d 107) and St. Irenaeus who recorded the linear succession of bishops of Rome (the popes) up until their own times. In the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days. — Ludwig von Pastor, The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages, pp. [32] The writings of the Church Father Irenaeus who wrote around AD 180 reflect a belief that Peter "founded and organized" the Church at Rome. The popes condemned misunderstandings and abuses, but were too pressed for income to exercise effective control over indulgences. Max" or "P.M." The office of Pontifex Maximus, or head of the College of Pontiffs, was held by Julius Caesar and thereafter, by the Roman emperors, until Gratian (375–383) relinquished it. In its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ, the council established the following canons:[155], If anyone says that the blessed Apostle Peter was not established by the Lord Christ as the chief of all the apostles, and the visible head of the whole militant Church, or, that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our Lord Jesus Christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction: let him be anathema. (It is common for publications and news media to use "the Vatican", "Vatican City", and even "Rome" as metonyms for the Holy See.) Currently, after a new pope is elected and accepts the election, he is asked "By what name shall you be called?". The pope (Latin: papa, from Greek: πάππας, romanized: pappas, "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex maximus) or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. This fracture was caused more by political events than by slight divergences of creed. [91] If someone who is not a bishop is elected, he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people.[92]. [citation needed], Papal bulls are headed N. Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei ("Name, Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God"). 3. However, in recent centuries the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now almost exclusively focused on religious matters. The Pope was alone at the top. Popes synonyms, Popes pronunciation, Popes translation, English dictionary definition of Popes. Sacred vocal music 2. The Edict of Milan in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire,[52] beginning the Peace of the Church. And when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers. In the Middle Ages the pope was the head of the Christian Chruch. What form that should take is still a matter of disagreement, just as it was when the Catholic and Orthodox Churches split in the Great East-West Schism. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year sede vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268. [67], With the East–West Schism, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church split definitively in 1054. In episode 3 of The Black Adder (set in the late 15th century), "The Archbishop", Baldrick remarks on selling counterfeit papal pardons, that one for the highest … How to use pope in a sentence. (often initial capital letter) the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, for example, if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this would count as having reigned for two calendar days. This status as a secular and civil ruler was vividly displayed by Pope Leo I's confrontation with Attila in 452. Different leaders tried their best to create their own empires, which did not last. [68] During this period, the pope was effectively an ally of the Kingdom of France, alienating France's enemies, such as the Kingdom of England. There were a lot of bishops. In matters of faith and morals, the bishops speak in the name of Christ and the faithful are to accept their teaching and adhere to it with a religious assent. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio, in its list of popes and antipopes, attaches a footnote to its mention of Stephen II (III): On the death of Zachary the Roman priest Stephen was elected; but, since four days later he died, before his consecratio, which according to the canon law of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate, his name is not registered in the Liber Pontificalis nor in other lists of the popes. accept the doctrine of Apostolic succession and, to varying extents, papal claims to a primacy of honour, while generally rejecting the pope as the successor to Peter in any other sense than that of other bishops. While his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. (With the promulgation of Universi Dominici Gregis in 1996, a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days was allowed, but this was revoked by Pope Benedict XVI by motu proprio in 2007. The family of a certain papal official made and unmade popes for fifty years. in Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John. [152][153] Many contemporary portraits of 15th and 16th-century predecessors of Pius V show them wearing a white cassock similar to his. The infallible teachings of the Pope are part of the Church's magisterium, which also consists of ecumenical councils and the "ordinary and universal magisterium". [53] Great defenders of Trinitarian faith included the popes, especially Pope Liberius, who was exiled to Berea by Constantius II for his Trinitarian faith,[54] Damasus I, and several other bishops. The Coptic patriarch of Alexandria. [11], In 1870, the First Vatican Council proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility for those rare occasions the pope speaks ex cathedra when issuing a solemn definition of faith or morals. [65] In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, asked for military aid from Pope Urban II in the ongoing Byzantine–Seljuq wars. In 1059 the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179. The pope's claim to authority is either disputed or not recognised at all by other churches. Oxford English Dictionary Online. [107][108][109][110][111], The title "pope" was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for any bishop in the West. The pope thus became a powerful lay prince as well as an ecclesiastical ruler. ("I announce to you a great joy! In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople. The chemical compound is more reliable than the straw.) [citation needed], The Eastern Church continued to decline with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, undercutting Constantinople's claim to equality with Rome. [171] Another barrister said that it was a "matter of embarrassment that a senior British lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea".[172]. [citation needed], For centuries, from 1378 on, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians. The Cao Dai, a Vietnamese faith that duplicates the Catholic hierarchy, is similarly headed by a pope. [61], In the Middle Ages, popes struggled with monarchs over power. Although the tiara was omitted in the pope's personal coat of arms, the coat of arms of the Holy See, which includes the tiara, remained unaltered. This document, accepted as genuine until the 15th century, states that Constantine the Great placed the entire Western Empire of Rome under papal rule. [11], In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See established Vatican City as an independent city-state, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.[11]. What Lutherans understood as a papal claim to unlimited authority over everything and everyone reminded them of the apocalyptic imagery of Daniel 11, a passage that even prior to the Reformation had been applied to the pope as the Antichrist of the last days. While it is only one of the terms with which the pope is referred to as "vicar", it is "more expressive of his supreme headship of the Church on Earth, which he bears in virtue of the commission of Christ and with vicarial power derived from him", a vicarial power believed to have been conferred on Saint Peter when Christ said to him: "Feed my lambs...Feed my sheep" (John 21:16–17). Even Catholics do not all agree whether certain historical figures were popes or antipopes. The Petrine Doctrine is still controversial as an issue of doctrine that continues to divide the eastern and western churches and separate Protestants from Rome. He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 15th century as Stephen II, causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. According to tradition, he headed the church for 35 years and has thus far been the longest-reigning pope in the history of the Catholic Church. Its foundations were laid early in the 13th century, and it culminated in the 15th century. [131] The term came to be applied to any Christian bishop,[132] but since the 11th century commonly refers specifically to the Bishop of Rome,[133] who is more strictly called the "Roman Pontiff". [78], The symbolic keys in the Papal coats of arms are a reference to the phrase "the keys of the kingdom of heaven" in the first of these texts. Since the papacy of Heraclas in the 3rd century, the bishop of Alexandria in both the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria continues to be called "pope", the former being called "Coptic pope" or, more properly, "Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle" and the latter called "Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa".[187]. When the holiday season engulfs us—and as we are subjected to a barrage of sentiment and commercialism (which are often indistinguishable from one another)—simpler days seem so much more attractive, and many of us tend to look to the past. For the popes of other churches, and other uses, see, Latin Church, also known as the 'Western Church', the largest, Traditional ecclesiastical jurisidictions of, (Current and preferred residence of Pope Francis), East–West Schism to Reformation (1054–1517), Saint Peter and the origin of the papal office, Orthodox, Anglican and Old Catholic churches, In new religious movements and other Christian-related new religious movements, Wilken, p. 281, quote: "Some (Christian communities) had been founded by Peter, the disciple Jesus designated as the founder of his church. [112], The first record of the application of this title to a bishop of Rome appears in a synod of 495 with reference to Gelasius I. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church (heresy) or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (schism). In the early 14th century, the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule – its importance had peaked in the 12th and … The dean asks next, "By what name shall you be called?" Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries. Some remnants of this situation remain, with the result that, for instance, New Zealand is still in the care of this Congregation. The pope's signature is followed, in bulls of canonization, by those of all the cardinals resident in Rome, and in decrees of ecumenical councils, by the signatures of the other bishops participating in the council, each signing as Bishop of a particular see. [68], Popes also contended with the cardinals, who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of Catholic Ecumenical Councils over the pope's. This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors, such as during the pontificates of Gregory VII and Alexander III). Primacy is regarded as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the Roman Empire, a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon. [60], Gregory's successors were largely dominated by the Exarch of Ravenna, the Byzantine emperor's representative in the Italian Peninsula. Another renowned part of the coronation was the lighting of a bundle of flax at the top of a gilded pole, which would flare brightly for a moment and then promptly extinguish, as he said, Sic transit gloria mundi ("Thus passes worldly glory"). [70], Various Antipopes challenged papal authority, especially during the Western Schism (1378–1417). Papal bulls, interdict, and excommunication (or the threat thereof) have been used many times to increase papal power. International law treats the Holy See, essentially the central government of the Catholic Church, as the juridical equal of a state. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. In some periods of history, the papacy, which originally had no temporal powers, accrued wide secular powers rivaling those of temporal rulers. The current cardinal vicar is Angelo De Donatis, who was appointed to the office in June 2017. In the earlier centuries of Christianity, the title "Pope", meaning "father", had been used by all bishops. These humiliations, the weakening of the Byzantine Empire in the face of the Muslim conquests, and the inability of the emperor to protect the papal estates against the Lombards, made Pope Stephen II turn from Emperor Constantine V. He appealed to the Franks to protect his lands. The Middle Ages was the period in European history that came between ancient and modern times. Popes like Alexander VI, an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician, and Julius II, a formidable general and statesman, were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends, which included increasing the power of the papacy. Un pope est, en français1, un prêtre chrétien orthodoxe. There are 35 instances of the use of this term in the Vulgate: Annuario Pontificio 2008 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Examples are "Francesco" in the frontispiece of the 2013, Compare the portrait reproduced in the article on Pius V with those in the articles on his immediate predecessors, Denzinger 3073–3075 (old numbering, 1839–1840), "Therefore, on the basis of a renewed study of the pertinent Scriptures we reaffirm the statement of the Lutheran Confessions, that 'the Pope is the very Antichrist'" from, Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012, Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Catholicos of the East, Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia, Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea, Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy, Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church, History of the Catholic Church since 1962, Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See, Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia), Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City, Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City, Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici, Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, tradition that reached back into the eleventh century, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church, "American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language", "Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the pope", "Vatican City State – State and Government", "Apostolic See – Definition, meaning & more – Collins Dictionary", "último Papa – Funções, eleição, o que representa, vestimentas, conclave, primeiro papa", "The Role of the Vatican in the Modern World", "Catechism of the Catholic Church – Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life", "Letter of Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans", "Papal Authority at the Earliest Councils", "Saint Paul the Apostle | Biography & Facts", "Letter of Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans: Prologue", "Popes and conclaves: everything you need to know", "White Smoke, Pope; Black Smoke, Nope: How Conclave Smoke Gets Its Color", "Press Conference on the Tenth General Congregations of the College of Cardinals (11 March) and Regarding Events of the Coming Days: Tenth and Last General Congregation", "Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope", "Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church", "Prescription against Heretics (Chapter 28)", "Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Communiqué concernant la suppression du titre "Patriarche d'Occident" dans l'Annuaire pontifical 2006", "UMBRACULUM – Definition and synonyms of umbraculum in the English dictionary", "Vatican: The Possible Return of the Sedia Gestatoria", "Vatican City (Holy See) – The Keys and Coat of Arms", "Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb", "The International Criminal Court, Bashir, and the Immunity of Heads of State", "U.S. Says Pope Immune From Molestation Lawsuit, 2005", "The autonomy of bishops, and suing the Vatican", "Vatican Can Be Sued For Priest Sexual Abuse: U.S. Court of Appeals", "Vatican offers 3 reasons it's not liable in U.S. abuse case", "Richard Dawkins calls for arrest of Pope Benedict XVI", "Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod", "Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod in the By-Gone Days of Its Orthodoxy (1932): Still by God's Grace the Scriptural Position of the Concordia Lutheran Conference", "Doctrinal Position – The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod", Letter to the prefect Acerbius and the nobles of Tuscany, "The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa", Pope Endurance League – Sortable list of Popes, Data Base of more than 23,000 documents of the Popes in Latin and modern languages, De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis, Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri, Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe, Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide, Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, International Alliance of Catholic Knights, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria, Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope&oldid=1004917200, 1st-century establishments in the Roman Empire, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven", the image of two keys, one gold and one silver. 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