Myers explains this revision of people's memories of their government's main rationale for going to war as an example of: Cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by: Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist. Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. Nadia has to decide if she wants to stay back and continue with her current job or move abroad with her husband where she will have limited job opportunities. The tension that arises when a person's two thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent is called: It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist. How did Martens et al. the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing. Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology? I guess I should write them down, huh? Framing Effect Example: Gas Mileage. Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to: In the context of evil and moral acts, research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should: The daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the United States is an attempt to use _____ to build _____. Retrograde amnesia (RA) is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease. These results are best explained by: feel confident that he made the best decision; dorms are expensive and dirty anyway. In a simpler manner, "when events are represented in memory, contextual information is stored along with memory targets; the context can therefore cue memories containing that contextual information". The concept is supported by the theoretical approach to perception known as constructive perception. describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. People may want to know whether a particular grade is good or bad People remember with almost perceptual clarity details of the context in which they first heard about the news, such as what they were doing, with whom ... o cease or fail to remember; be unable to recall. The misinformation effect happens when our recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur, especially one of childhood sexual abuse arising from suggestion during psychotherapy. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term? is characterized by being able to retrieve quite a lot of information about the target word without being able to retrieve the word itself. Identify a true statement about dissonance theory. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime. It can influence what we see and hear there are a few types of motivational-emotional influence on perception: a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges. This is best explained by: Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving supposed electric shocks. The manager of the orphanage offers to pay Lucy if she coaches the children for four days a week. A pioneer in Pavlovian learning. The same gray square…. Zimbardo attributed the behavior of the subjects in his Stanford prison study to: In the context of the overjustification effect, if you want Harry to spend less time watching MTV and more time watching PBS, you should: An attitude predicts one's behavior when: Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. Which of the following is exemplified in this experiment? In the context of the overjustification effect, if Myra wants him to quit playing, she should: Lauren, a 14-year-old, was fond of writing short stories and wrote at least three stories every week. Cued recall is an aspect of recall in which the retrival of information from memory is facilitated by the provision of cues, for example the initial letter of a word to be remembered or suggestions as to the category in which the item belongs. Her elder son, Aaron, gets $1 an hour, whereas her younger son, John, gets $5 an hour for the same task. Interference occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material. You may know how many syllables the word has, or its initial sound or letter. Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory. How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror? Myra's neighbor, an 8-year-old, plays his saxophone loudly. Which of the following best explains these side effects? Sometimes I experience this when I go to the store and don't write a list. [1] Bringing to memory old knowledge has the effect of impairing both the speed of learning and memory performance. According to self-perception theory, your parents' behavior is most likely to _____ your intrinsic motivation for jogging. Moral action affects moral thinking, especially when: The finding that religious attitudes predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time across many situations defines: In the context of dual processing, automatic thinking is _____. differences in research participants’ responses that result from the order (e.g attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment, she is asked to give a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate. However, it is not an effective way of having information processed and transferred into long term memory. After owning the vehicle for several months, she experiences dissonance and wonders if her choice was right. You can also have a look on unconscious transfer. According to cognitive dissonance theory, in order to reduce dissonance after deciding to stay at home, Juan will likely: Conor imagines himself dancing at a college event and begins to think of himself as a successful dancer. Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect? The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when: At the beginning of the 2003 Iraq war, only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago. Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest. In psychology, context-dependent memory is the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by _____. The impact of context effects is … In the context of psychology, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario? You know that dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. hearing oneself talk informs one of one's attitudes. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. Sensory memory actually refers to memories of all senses while iconic memory relates to the memory of sight only. Over time, Rob experiences an inner need to make his beliefs consistent with his acts. Discovered the engram in the cerebellum, used classical conditioning. Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid, precise, concrete, long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a person s discovery of shocking events. If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory. Allison's parents are happy about the fact that she enjoys reading. According to Rosenfeld et al. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse. According to dissonance theory, after you decide who you wish to spend your life with, you will _____ the individual whose proposal you accepted. But in the time it takes me to get to the store and then with all the distractions of getting items, looking at labels, etc., I tend to remember the items that were first on the list (probably because I rehearsed them so much) and the last items (probably because those were the ones I heard most recently) but always forget the ones in the middle. Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT: According to Eagly and Chaiken (2005), beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event are known as: Explicit self-reports are the better predictor than implicit self-reports for: changing people's attitudes often hardly affects their behavior. You know the meaning of the word. Identify a similarity between dissonance theory and self-perception theory. A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory, The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues. According to dissonance theory, we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _____ the chosen vehicle and _____ the unchosen vehicles. In the context of ways in which one's behaviors affect one's attitudes, Manis et al. A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions, A group of thinking and social symptoms that interferes with daily functioning, American neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory, including several investigations of the famous amnesia patient, German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time, American neurologist, born in Austria, who won a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia. Four classical examples of context effects of the perception of area, length, orientation, and lightness are presented in a common, structured format. (1972), and Tetlock (1983) stated that: Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone. This faculty can fail for a number of reasons; trauma or substance use being the most common. Encoding Failure refers to the brain's occasional failure to create a memory link. When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. Initially, Lucy is excited about the offer and accepts it. They work in multinational companies. Your situation is an example of how: Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on _____. is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. Discovery of iconic memory. Retroactive interference is when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information, Interference theory is theory regarding human memory. focusing on. Heiko Neumann, Ennio Mingolla, in Advances in Psychology, 2001. When no such weapons were found after the war, 58% of Americans supported the war. Source confusion is an attribute seen in different people's accounts of the same event after hearing people speak about the situation. Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs? In psychiatry, mood congruence is the congruence between feeling, or the emotion that a person is experiencing, and affect display, or the manner in which that emotion is "presenting", or being expressed. Zoe, a 10-year-old, loves gardening but loses interest when her parents offer her money for watering plants daily. A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a: The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison. Grace assumes that she purchases a specific brand of olive oil regularly because she likes it. This is known as: Rhea has two sons. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Her comments likely _____ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and hygienic environment as an adult without being nagged. This effect is relevant to the study of memory and cognition, particularly false memory. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude? Your parents purchase new running shoes for you after every major milestone (e.g., when you ran your first marathon). Context Effects in Memory 355 85 80 75 70 65 LI : : 2 E 60 55 Y 50 05 00 35 30 25 20 15 10 L 5 he aecnii cued RWU Rerenrion 7e.t. Start studying AP Psych Unit 3 Test. Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to, it supported the fact that: people adjust their message toward their listener's views. Which of the following requirements should be fulfilled for an attitude to lead to a behavior? The concept is supported by the theoretical approach to perception known as … You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your subordinates. Dissonance theory explains attitude _____, whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _____. However, after a few weeks, she feels less enthusiastic about the classes and stops visiting the orphanage. In the context of the dual processing capacity of human beings, unlike automatic thinking, controlled thinking is: The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call _____, appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so. Juan needed to decide if he should live with his parents or in a dorm this year. In the context of behavior and attitudes, identify an example of the overjustification effect. Contrary to her expectation, Rhea notices that although Aaron is paid less for the task and has probably experienced more dissonance than John, he does a better job than John. However, once you decide to accept an offer, you find yourself _____ the job offers you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.A. Your parents are concerned about your health and give you money whenever you jog. judgments in everyday life are evaluative in nature. The principle, proposed by researchers Thomson and Tulving, states that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The memory trace as well as the affect adhering to the idea are here and can not be exterminated. The mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time, The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retrained by the memory system, the process of retraining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time, The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it, A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time, The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds, The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information. After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____. A. Isla fails to arrive at a conclusion when she is offered multiple choices. Chapter 1 Introducing the World of Psychology Read and study chapter 1 4 InQuizitive due by 11:59 PM on Sunday, February 5Read and study chapter psychology and identify extant answers within the literature (Goal: Scientific Research InQuizitive is a formative, adaptive quizzing tool that you will complete as a Chapter 5. Research on potent attitudes that influence shoplifting suggests that he can reduce theft by: Initially, when Ben was promoted to manager of his organization, he felt awkward giving orders to his co-workers. In the context of social thinking, which of the following illustrates self-perception theory? You are an obese teenager who enjoys jogging. In the context of psychology, which of the following theories will most accurately explain Tim's behavior? If so, this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it. Since then, it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts. A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on ones perception of a stimulus. Which statement is NOT true about attitudes? This keeps the information in short-term memory longer. Interference occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material. Omar receives a job offer from an overseas company. Context Effect The Context Effect is a part of Cognitive Psychology that states that the context (environmental factors) that surrounds an event effects how an event is perceived and remembered. is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in maintaining information in short term memory or working memory. However, the person who grew up in a more negative environment (context) may have to work harder than a person who grew up in a supportive positive one. In a psychology experiment, the participants were required to frown during the first half of the day and smile during the remaining half. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike. Boundary finding as model matching. They decide to encourage her reading habit by paying her $5 for each book she reads. PC1 … Context effects are present when the perception of an object changes when its context changes, without any physical change in the object itself. Psychologists refer to context effects as the general effect of priming. 0 e The contributors to this book review our current knowledge of context effects in survey research, psychological testing, and social judgement. Which area of the brain is active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli? The law of effect is a psychology principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in 1898 on the matter of behavioral conditioning (not then formulated as such) which states that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation." is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. Logan chooses zoology over botany as his major in college. A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. Therefore, you decide to use _____ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates. Which theory states that people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self? He is also expected to participate actively in group discussions and to write self-criticism. This study aims to examine the effects of Quizlet, one of the online tools, on vocabulary learning motivation in the English as a foreign language (EFL) learning context. Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____. When we learn something new, a neurochemical "memory trace" is created. Interference theory is theory regarding human memory. it explains what happens when one acts contrary to one's clearly defined attitudes. In the context of psychology, this behavior is likely caused by: As a teenager, you enjoy jogging. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design. The encoding specificity principle is the general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories.It provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.. Identify the true statement about role-playing studies. Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent? Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance, we _____. It highlights how an artificial role can subtly morph into what is real. This scenario likely illustrates: Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing? Déjà vu, from French, literally "already seen", is the phenomenon of having the strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has been experienced in the past, regardless of whether it has actually happened. This is an example of how: In the context of thought-control programs and POWs (prisoners of war), prisoners were _____ to comply with a significant request if they complied with a trivial request first. A store owner is concerned about shoplifting. context informs our understanding of the lifespan. In the context of behaviors affecting attitudes, Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new: there is no compelling external explanation for your words. The attitudes that best predict behavior are: Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71% continued working when left alone. is a type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Briefly put, "context effect" is the transference of one's environment - intellectual, emotional, social - onto the individual himself or herself. Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak, we will simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and then infer our attitudes? Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. In this scenario, Aaron's attitude toward the task exemplifies: _____ assumes that when our attitudes are weak or ambiguous, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs. C. people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior. Rubin's Pathology-Raphael Rubin 2011-02-01 "The highly acclaimed foundation textbook Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, now in its sixth edition, provides medical students with a lucid discussion of basic disease processes and their effects on cells, organs, and people. With which theory are the results of this study consistent? B. Mahdi, a 15-year-old, is weak in math but is motivated to work hard when his teacher recognizes his effort. uses reaction times to measure how quickly people associate concepts. A formal definition of context effects is provided. Owen gets a lucrative job offer from a multinational company soon after he receives his undergraduate degree. According to Banaji and Greenwald (2013), the most widely used measure of implicit attitudes is the implicit association test (IAT), which _____. This term is a memory-related term and refers to the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle. If the number of people in favor of same-sex marriages increases after a law is passed allowing such marriages, this will be an example of how: Emily, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier. According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for an activity that they already enjoy doing intrinsically will: pay him to play and gradually offer him less. refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. When asked whether they want to view information supporting or opposing their viewpoint, people who have just expressed their views on various topics prefer to view information supporting their positions. At the end of the experiment, the participants reported that they felt happy despite seeing the unpleasant pictures. Omar and Nadia are a newly married couple. According to the overjustification effect, how will Allison react to this new reward system? Elton feels cheerful when he looks straight ahead and takes long, confident strides. Start studying Context Effects. Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect? In the context of behavior and attitudes, identify an example of the overjustification effect. This is called: The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior. When social psychologists try to measure people's attitudes, they: People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week. Self-perception theory assumes that _____. Increasing the amount of information that can ben held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit. a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model. lead them to enjoy the activity less than earlier. In other words, we deduce our attitudes in the same manner as would an outside observer. disparage the victim to justify one's cruel behavior. Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs? Thus, the apparent brightness of a stimulus depends not only on its own luminance but also on that of the surrounding stimulation. installing eye-level mirrors in his store. At the end of the day, the participants reported feeling more positive when they smiled rather than when they frowned. But again, these framings are logically equivalent. In the context of social movements, identify a brainwashing technique used for American prisoners of war (POWs) during the 1950s Korean War. However, his nervousness disappears when he notices the lights are not working in the waiting room. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario? Quizlet psychology chapter 14 ch 15 16 flashcards quizlet(2) ap outline 20 section 2 guided reading the new frontier. After being captured by enemies, Rob, a soldier, is tortured both physically and mentally. Drawing on recent developments in cognitive psychology, they offer theoretical accounts of the conditions that lead to the emergence of various context Which of the following would better predict a person's support for a Republican presidential candidate? However, after a few weeks, he learned how to behave like a boss. Imagination inflation refers to the finding that imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred. In a psychological experiment, the participants were shown a collection of pictures depicting both pleasant and unpleasant aspects of their lives. Tim, a 30-year-old businessman, is asked by his friend if classical music is his favorite genre. When her parents found out about this, they promised to give her some incentive if she wrote more than three stories per week. After you have made your decision, you can reduce dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities. In the context of psychology, which of the following theories supports Ji-woo's conclusion? In this scenario, after arriving at a decision, Nadia can reduce her dissonance by: You receive more than one marriage proposal. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. handwriting as distinct from print; written characters. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design. Specifically, the phenomenon addresses the impact of an environmental cue on human perception. Known for misinformation effect and eye witness memory and the creation and nature of false memory. She concludes that she must be happy because her best friend paid her a visit the previous evening after a long time. Of behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological?. 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